Quercus ilex

Also known as Holly Oak, Evergreen Oak

Holm oaks form resilient evergreen canopies across the Mediterranean basin, retaining dense, leathery foliage throughout the year. Their glossy leaves often feature prickly margins on lower branches to deter grazing herbivores while upper foliage remains smooth. These ancient trees play a vital role in dehesa agroforestry systems, producing acorns that sustain diverse wildlife and local livestock.